Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): Testing, Symptoms, and Treatment

Sexual health is an important part of your overall wellbeing, yet many women feel anxious or unsure about how to talk about it. Whether you’re experiencing symptoms or simply want peace of mind, timely and confidential care is key.

At Happiher, we provide private, respectful, and judgement-free support for women seeking advice, screening, or treatment for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). If you’re looking for a private gynaecologist in London offering expert sexual health care, you’re in the right place.

What Are Sexually Transmitted Diseases?

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) — also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) — are infections passed from one person to another through sexual contact. They can affect anyone who is sexually active, regardless of age or relationship status.

Common STDs include:

• Chlamydia

• Gonorrhoea

• Human papillomavirus (HPV)

• Genital herpes (HSV)

• Trichomoniasis

• Syphilis

• HIV

• Hepatitis B and C

Trichomoniasis is recognized as a common sexually transmitted infection caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, which is transmitted during sexual contact.

Many of these infections, such as chlamydia infections and genital warts, are transmitted through vaginal or anal sex.

Some STDs are caused by bacteria (and are treatable with antibiotics), while others are viral and require ongoing management or vaccination. Hepatitis C is a serious liver infection that can be transmitted through infected blood. Gonorrhea can cause infections not only in the genitals but also in the rectum and throat.

Introduction to Sexually Transmitted Infections

Causes and Risk Factors

STIs are caused by the transmission of microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites, through bodily fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and saliva. The risk factors for STIs include engaging in unprotected sex, having multiple sexual partners, and a history of previous STIs. Other risk factors include having a weakened immune system, using intravenous drugs, and being pregnant or breastfeeding. Certain STIs, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV), can also be transmitted through skin-to-skin contact or from mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth, with HIV attacking the body's immune system and leading to severe health consequences. Syphilis can spread from an infected mother to her unborn baby during pregnancy or childbirth. Understanding these risk factors can help individuals take steps to protect themselves from STIs.

Types of Infections

There are many different types of STIs, including bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections. Some common types of STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, human papillomavirus (HPV), and HIV. Genital herpes is caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), with HSV-2 being more commonly associated with genital infections. Each type of STI has its own unique symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment methods. For example, bacterial STIs, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea, can be treated with antibiotics, while viral STIs, such as HIV and HPV, require antiviral medications. Chlamydia is the most common bacterial STI in the United States with an estimated 1.6 million new cases diagnosed each year. It is essential to get tested regularly and to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Common Symptoms of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Women

STDs don’t always cause symptoms — which is why regular testing is important, especially after a new partner or if your current partner has other partners. Most sexually transmitted infections can cause no symptoms or only mild symptoms, which results in a risk of transmitting them to others.

When symptoms do occur, they may include:

• Unusual vaginal discharge

• Burning or pain during urination

• Pain during or after sex

• Genital itching or irritation

• Genital sores, blisters, or lumps

• Irregular bleeding (e.g., after sex)

• Lower abdominal pain or pelvic pain, which can be indicative of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

• Flu-like symptoms such as headaches, muscle aches, fever, and swollen lymph nodes

If untreated, some STDs can lead to serious complications like pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, or long-term pelvic pain — even if you feel completely fine.

Health Problems Associated with STDs

When Should You Get Tested?

You should consider an STI check if:

• You have a new sexual partner

• You’ve had unprotected sex (vaginal, oral, or anal)

• You or your partner have symptoms

• A previous partner tests positive

• You want to stop using condoms and test for peace of mind

• You’re planning a pregnancy

• You haven’t had a recent sexual health screen

• You have engaged in various sexual activities with an infected person

Consulting a health care professional is crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment of STIs.

At Happiher, we offer private STI testing in London with same-week appointments and discreet results.

Types of STD Testing for Genital Herpes

Depending on your needs and concerns, we may recommend:

• Vaginal or cervical swabs for chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis

• Blood tests for HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and C. Blood tests can also detect secondary syphilis, and early detection is crucial to prevent congenital syphilis in pregnant women.

• Urine tests (less commonly used for women)

• HPV testing during a cervical smear. Regular HPV testing is important for early detection of abnormal changes that could lead to cervical cancer.

• Physical examination if you have visible symptoms (only with your consent)

You can be tested even if you have no symptoms. Results are usually available within a few days.

Diagnosis and Treatment of STDs

Diagnosing STDs involves a variety of tests tailored to the specific infection suspected. For instance, chlamydia infections are often identified through urine tests, while diagnosing genital herpes typically requires a physical exam and viral culture. Blood tests are commonly used to detect infections like HIV and syphilis. Once diagnosed, treatment usually involves antibiotics for bacterial infections or antiviral medications for viral infections. It’s crucial to complete the entire course of treatment, even if symptoms subside, to ensure the infection is fully eradicated. For chronic conditions like HIV, ongoing treatment with HIV medicines is necessary to manage the infection and prevent progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Healthcare professionals, including infectious disease specialists, are instrumental in providing accurate diagnoses, effective treatments, and comprehensive support for individuals with STDs.

Treatment for STDs

Most bacterial STDs are easily treated with antibiotics. Early diagnosis makes treatment faster and more effective. Bacterial sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis are curable with appropriate treatment.

Examples include:

• Chlamydia and gonorrhoea: oral or injectable antibiotics

• Syphilis: long-acting penicillin injections

• Trichomoniasis: a short course of oral antibiotics

In complex cases, an infectious disease specialist may be consulted to guide treatment decisions and ensure optimal health outcomes.

Viral infections like herpes and HIV are managed long-term with antiviral medication and regular monitoring. HIV medicines, such as antiretroviral therapy, are essential for managing the disease and preventing progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HPV is often cleared naturally, but regular cervical screening is important for early detection of any abnormal changes. The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common STI in the United States and can lead to various cancers.

At Happiher, we also offer:

• Partner notification guidance

• Vaccination (e.g. for HPV or hepatitis B)

• Follow-up tests to ensure the infection is cleared

Preventing Sexually Transmitted Infections STIs

Preventing STIs requires a combination of education, awareness, and safe practices. Effective disease control involves education and early intervention strategies to prevent the spread of STIs. Some effective ways to prevent STIs include using latex condoms consistently and correctly, limiting the number of sexual partners, and getting vaccinated against certain STIs, such as HPV and hepatitis B. Additionally, getting tested regularly and seeking medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time can help prevent the spread of STIs. It is also essential to communicate openly with sexual partners about STIs and to avoid engaging in risky sexual behavior, such as unprotected sex or sex with multiple partners. STIs disproportionately affect medically underserved populations, highlighting the need for increased awareness and intervention strategies. By taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of contracting an STI and protect their sexual and reproductive health.

Living with an Infection

Living with an STI can be challenging, both physically and emotionally. For individuals with HIV, opportunistic infections are common during advanced stages of the disease and require specific treatment plans. Many STIs can cause mild symptoms, such as unusual discharge or pelvic pain, while others can cause more severe symptoms, such as abdominal pain, rectal pain, or swollen lymph nodes. If left untreated, STIs can lead to serious health problems, including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, and increased risk of HIV transmission. It is essential to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time and to follow the treatment plan recommended by a healthcare professional. Additionally, individuals living with an STI should communicate openly with their sexual partners about their infection and take steps to prevent transmission, such as using condoms or abstaining from sex. By taking these steps, individuals can manage their infection and protect their overall health and well-being.

Emotional and Relationship Support

Receiving an STI diagnosis can feel stressful or upsetting — but you’re not alone. Discussing the risks of transmission with an infected partner is crucial for maintaining a healthy relationship. We approach every conversation with compassion, sensitivity, and discretion.

Whether you need emotional reassurance, guidance on talking to a partner, or follow-up care, we provide a safe, supportive space to ask anything.

Confidentiality and Privacy

At Happiher, all consultations and test results are completely confidential. Nothing is shared with your GP or partner unless you request it. We aim to create a trusted, professional environment where your comfort is our priority.

Why Choose Happiher for STD Testing and Treatment?

If you’re looking for private STD testing in London, Happiher offers:

• Same-week appointments with a consultant gynaecologist

• Expert, compassionate care in a non-judgemental setting

• Discreet and confidential results

• Personalised treatment and follow-up

• Sexual health education and vaccination support

• Collaboration with infectious disease specialists and other healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive care

Whether you’re experiencing symptoms or simply want peace of mind, expert care is available — without long waits or uncomfortable clinics.

Conclusion

In conclusion, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a significant public health concern, affecting millions of people worldwide. Practicing safe sex, such as using condoms, and getting regular check-ups are vital steps in preventing the transmission of STIs. Understanding the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options empowers individuals to take control of their sexual and reproductive health. By being aware of the risks and consequences of STIs, people can make informed decisions about their sex life and take proactive measures to protect themselves and their partners. Remember, while many STIs can be treated and cured, prompt medical attention and adherence to treatment are essential. If you suspect you have an STI or have been exposed to one, consult a healthcare professional for guidance and support. Together, we can reduce the incidence of STIs and promote healthy sexual relationships.

Final Thoughts

Sexual health is nothing to be embarrassed about — it’s a vital part of your wellbeing. Regular testing, early treatment, and informed conversations can prevent complications and protect your future health.

At Happiher, we’re here to support you with clarity, confidentiality, and compassion — every step of the way.