Ovarian cysts (incl. tubal cysts)

Ovarian Cysts (Including Tubal Cysts): What You Need to Know

You’ve been told you have an ovarian cyst — scary right? But in most cases these fluid-filled sacs are harmless and will resolve on their own. That said some can cause symptoms, affect fertility or occasionally need treatment.

At Happiher we believe in clear, kind advice — helping you understand what’s going on with your body and what to do (if anything). Looking for a private gynaecologist in London we’re here to guide you through diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of ovarian or tubal cysts.

What Are Ovarian Cysts?

An ovarian cyst is a fluid filled sac that develops on or inside an ovary, usually in the lower abdomen. Most women will develop small ovarian cysts at some point during their reproductive years without even knowing.

Ovarian cysts form primarily as a result of the menstrual cycle and are fluid filled sacs.

The ovaries are a vital part of the female reproductive system responsible for hormone production and egg development which are essential for reproductive health. There are two ovaries and they’re located in the lower abdomen on both sides of the uterus.

There are several types of ovarian cysts including:

• Functional cysts (most common, linked to the menstrual cycle)

• Dermoid cysts (contain tissue like hair, skin or teeth and are not usually linked to the menstrual cycle)

• Endometriomas (related to endometriosis and not typically linked to the menstrual cycle)

• Cystadenomas (develop from ovarian tissue)

And tubal cysts are cysts that form in or near the fallopian tubes. While similar in nature they can sometimes cause different symptoms depending on their location.

Introduction to Ovarian Cysts - Types of Ovarian Cysts

There are several types of cysts including functional cysts, dermoid cysts and cystadenomas. Functional cysts are the most common type and form as a result of the menstrual cycle. Dermoid cysts also known as chocolate cysts are filled with fluid and can contain cells like skin, hair and teeth. Cystadenomas are less common and can grow on the surface of an ovary sometimes becoming quite large. Corpus luteum cysts form when the corpus luteum a structure that produces hormones estrogen and progesterone doesn’t dissolve after ovulation. Endometriomas are often called chocolate cysts due to their dark colour. Understanding the different types of ovarian cysts is key to determining the best course of treatment.

Corpus Luteum and Cyst Formation

The corpus luteum is a temporary structure that forms in the ovary after an egg is released during the menstrual cycle. Typically the corpus luteum dissolves after a few days but sometimes it can develop into a corpus luteum cyst. This type of cyst is usually filled with fluid and can cause symptoms like pelvic pain and discomfort. As a type of functional cyst corpus luteum cysts form as a natural part of the menstrual cycle. Most ovarian cysts including corpus luteum cysts are benign and don’t need treatment. However if an ovarian cyst ruptures it can cause severe symptoms including intense pain and internal bleeding and requires immediate medical attention.

Follicular Cysts and Ovarian Health

Follicular cysts are another type of ovarian cyst that forms when a follicle in the ovary doesn’t release an egg during ovulation. Instead the follicle continues to grow and fill with fluid forming a cyst. These cysts are usually harmless and asymptomatic but can sometimes cause pelvic pain and discomfort. As functional cysts follicular cysts are linked to the menstrual cycle. Regular pelvic exams are crucial for detecting ovarian cysts including follicular cysts early on. Early detection and treatment can reduce the risk of complications like ovarian torsion which can cause severe pelvic pain and cut off the blood supply to the ovary.

How Common Are Ovarian Cysts?

Very common — especially in women of reproductive age. In many cases cysts are harmless, asymptomatic and found incidentally during routine ultrasound scans. Ovarian cysts can affect both ovaries at the same time or just one. Most ovarian cysts resolve on their own within a few months.

Small cysts like follicles are common and play a crucial role in hormone production and ovulation.

However some cysts can grow, cause pain, affect menstrual cycles or impact fertility making diagnosis and management important.

Symptoms of Ovarian or Tubal Cysts

Most cysts cause no symptoms. However when symptoms do occur they can include:

• Pelvic pain or pressure, often on one side

• Bloating or abdominal swelling

• Changes in menstrual patterns

• Pain during intercourse

• Painful bowel movements

• Frequent or difficult urination

• Sudden, sharp pelvic pain (if a cyst ruptures or twists)

Pain can also be related to the fallopian tube especially during ovulation or cyst formation.

In rare cases a large cyst can cause ovarian torsion — a medical emergency that requires urgent treatment.

While most cysts are benign it’s important to monitor for symptoms that may indicate a cancerous cyst especially in postmenopausal women.

What Causes Ovarian Cysts?

Functional cysts develop naturally as part of the menstrual cycle:

• Follicular cysts form when a follicle fails to break open and release an egg.

• Corpus luteum cysts form after the egg is released but the follicle doesn’t dissolve as expected.

Other causes include:

• Endometriosis

• Hormonal imbalances

• Pelvic infections

• Genetic predisposition

How Are Ovarian and Tubal Cysts Diagnosed?

At Happiher diagnosis begins with a careful clinical assessment and imaging.

Imaging tests like ultrasounds are essential for diagnosing ovarian cysts. If a GP thinks you may have an ovarian cyst you’ll probably be referred for an ultrasound scan.

We may recommend:

• Pelvic ultrasound (transabdominal and/or transvaginal) to assess the size, type and characteristics of the cyst. This imaging test uses high frequency sound waves to create detailed images of the ovaries.

• Doppler studies to check blood flow if torsion is suspected* MRI scan for complex or unclear cysts

• Blood tests (e.g., CA-125 tumour marker) if there’s concern about malignancy in postmenopausal women. If there’s any concern that your cyst could be cancerous the doctor will arrange blood tests to look for high levels of chemicals that can indicate ovarian cancer.

Early diagnosis is key to planning monitoring or treatment.

Are Ovarian Cysts Harmful?

Most cysts are benign (non-cancerous) and harmless. However larger cysts or cysts with unusual features may require closer follow up or removal.

Concerns include:

• Ovarian torsion (twisting of the ovary, cutting off blood supply)

• Cyst rupture (causing sudden pain and internal bleeding)

• Pressure on surrounding organs

• Rare malignancy (more likely after menopause)

If left untreated some cysts can become cancerous especially in postmenopausal women.

At Happiher we assess each case individually — reassuring when safe and intervening when necessary. Comprehensive women’s health services are crucial in managing ovarian cysts and supporting patients.

Complications of Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts can cause complications such as ovarian torsion which occurs when the ovary twists and cuts off its blood supply. This can cause severe pelvic pain, nausea and vomiting. Ruptured ovarian cysts can also cause intense pain, internal bleeding and infection. In some cases ovarian cysts can be cancerous and it’s important to monitor them regularly to detect any changes. Regular pelvic exams and ultrasound scans can help identify potential complications early on.

How to Reduce Complications

While most ovarian cysts are benign and don’t require treatment there are steps to reduce the risk of complications. Regular pelvic exams can help detect ovarian cysts early and ultrasound scans can determine the size and type of cyst. In some cases blood tests may be ordered to check for signs of ovarian cancer. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are at higher risk of developing ovarian cysts and may need more frequent monitoring. Women experiencing severe pelvic pain, sharp pain or a dull ache should seek medical attention immediately. Early treatment can reduce the risk of complications like ovarian torsion and improve overall women’s health.### Treatment for Ovarian and Tubal Cysts

Treatment depends on size, appearance, symptoms and menopausal status.

In some cases surgery to remove the cyst may be necessary if it’s large or causing symptoms.

Watchful Waiting

• For small, simple cysts with no symptoms

• Repeat ultrasound after 6-12 weeks to monitor changes

• Follow up ultrasound in a few weeks to monitor the cyst. In some cases no further monitoring will be needed especially if you had a follicular cyst or corpus luteum cyst previously.

Medical Management

Hormonal contraception (e.g. the pill) may help prevent new functional cysts. Hormonal contraception may also help manage a condition called polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) which involves multiple cysts. Oral contraceptives can also reduce your risk of ovarian cancer.

Surgical Treatment

When needed surgery is usually minimally invasive:

• Laparoscopic cystectomy (keyhole removal of the cyst)

• Robotic-assisted cystectomy (for more precision and faster recovery)

• Preservation of healthy ovarian tissue wherever possible. If you need an operation to remove your cysts your surgeon will aim to preserve your fertility whenever possible.

In rare cases removal of the affected ovary may be advised if the cyst is complex or suspicious. Surgery may also be necessary to remove cancerous cysts to prevent complications. In some cases surgery to remove both ovaries may be necessary in which case you’ll no longer produce any eggs.

At Happiher Dr Kaur specialises in minimally invasive and robotic-assisted gynaecological surgery for excellent outcomes and quicker recovery.

Cyst Removal

In some cases ovarian cyst removal may be necessary. This can be done through surgery which can be laparoscopic or open. Laparoscopic surgery involves making small incisions in the abdomen and using a camera to guide the surgeon, open surgery involves making a larger incision in the abdomen. The type of surgery used will depend on the size and type of cyst and overall health of the patient. Ovarian cyst removal may be necessary to prevent complications like ovarian torsion or to treat symptoms like pelvic pain and discomfort. After surgery patients will need to follow a treatment plan which may include rest, pain management and follow up care.

Ovarian Cysts in Pregnancy

Ovarian cysts can occur during pregnancy and in most cases they don’t cause any problems. However large cysts can increase the risk of ovarian torsion which can be life threatening for both the mother and the baby. Women with ovarian cysts should be monitored during pregnancy to ensure the cysts don’t cause any complications. In some cases surgery may be necessary to remove the cysts to prevent any potential risks.

Preventing Ovarian Cysts

While it’s not possible to prevent most ovarian cysts regular pelvic exams can help detect them early on. Women should also be aware of the symptoms of ovarian cysts like pelvic pain, bloating and irregular periods. Maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet and exercising regularly can also help reduce the risk of developing ovarian cysts. In some cases birth control pills may be prescribed to stop ovulation and prevent new cysts from forming. By taking these preventive measures women can reduce their risk of developing ovarian cysts and get medical attention if any complications arise.

Living with Ovarian or Tubal Cysts

Even when they’re not causing symptoms cysts can create emotional stress — the “wait and see” approach can be unsettling. That’s why at Happiher we prioritise clear explanations, rapid access to scans and open communication. Monitoring is also important to rule out any underlying condition that may be causing the cysts.

Whether your cyst needs monitoring, medical treatment or surgery we are here to support you every step of the way.

Why Choose Happiher for Ovarian Cyst Management?Looking for a ovarian cyst specialist in London?

Happiher offers:

• Private consultations with no waiting

• Advanced ultrasound and diagnostic imaging

• Personalised monitoring and management plans

• Minimally invasive surgical options

• A warm and supportive environment

• Dedication to women’s health for various gynaecological conditions

Our clinics are located at Chelsea & Westminster, The Lister and The Wellington Hospital.

Conclusion

Ovarian cysts are common — but that doesn’t mean you should ignore symptoms or uncertainty. Whether you need reassurance, monitoring or treatment expert care matters.

At Happiher we’re here to help you feel in control of your health.