Ovarian cysts (incl. tubal cysts)

Ovarian Cysts (Including Tubal Cysts): What You Need to Know

Hearing that you have an ovarian cyst can sound worrying — but in most cases, these fluid-filled sacs are harmless and resolve on their own. That said, some cysts can cause symptoms, affect fertility, or occasionally require treatment.

At Happiher, we believe in clear, compassionate advice — helping you understand what’s going on with your body and what steps (if any) are needed. If you’re looking for a private gynaecologist in London, we’re here to guide you through diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of ovarian or tubal cysts.

What Are Ovarian Cysts?

An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that develops on or inside an ovary, typically in the lower abdomen. Most women will develop small ovarian cysts at some point during their reproductive years, often without even knowing.

Ovarian cysts form primarily as a result of the menstrual cycle and are typically fluid-filled sacs.

The ovaries are a crucial part of the female reproductive system, responsible for hormone production and egg development, which are essential for reproductive health. There are two ovaries, and they’re located in the lower abdomen on both sides of the uterus.

There are several types of ovarian cysts, including:

• Functional cysts (most common, linked to the menstrual cycle)

• Dermoid cysts (contain tissue like hair, skin, or teeth, and are not usually related to the menstrual cycle)

• Endometriomas (related to endometriosis and not typically linked to the menstrual cycle)

• Cystadenomas (develop from ovarian tissue)

In addition, tubal cysts are cysts that form in or near the fallopian tubes. While similar in nature, they can sometimes cause different symptoms depending on their location.

Introduction to Ovarian Cysts

Types of Ovarian Cysts

There are several types of cysts, including functional cysts, dermoid cysts, and cystadenomas. Functional cysts are the most common type and form as a result of the menstrual cycle. Dermoid cysts, also known as chocolate cysts, are filled with fluid and can contain cells similar to those found in the skin, hair, and teeth. Cystadenomas are less common and can grow on the surface of an ovary, sometimes becoming quite large. Corpus luteum cysts form when the corpus luteum, a structure that produces hormones estrogen and progesterone, does not dissolve after ovulation. Endometriomas are often called chocolate cysts due to their dark color. Understanding the different types of ovarian cysts is crucial in determining the best course of treatment.

Corpus Luteum and Cyst Formation

The corpus luteum is a temporary structure that forms in the ovary after an egg is released during the menstrual cycle. Typically, the corpus luteum dissolves after a few days, but sometimes it can develop into a corpus luteum cyst. This type of cyst is usually filled with fluid and can cause symptoms such as pelvic pain and discomfort. As a type of functional cyst, corpus luteum cysts form as a natural part of the menstrual cycle. Most ovarian cysts, including corpus luteum cysts, are benign and do not require treatment. However, if a ruptured ovarian cyst occurs, it can lead to severe symptoms, including intense pain and internal bleeding, necessitating prompt medical attention.

Follicular Cysts and Ovarian Health

Follicular cysts are another type of ovarian cyst that forms when a follicle in the ovary does not release an egg during ovulation. Instead, the follicle continues to grow and fill with fluid, forming a cyst. These cysts are usually harmless and asymptomatic, but they can sometimes cause pelvic pain and discomfort. As functional cysts, follicular cysts are linked to the menstrual cycle. Regular pelvic exams are crucial for detecting ovarian cysts, including follicular cysts, early on. Early detection and treatment can help reduce the risk of complications, such as ovarian torsion, which can cause severe pelvic pain and cut off the blood supply to the ovary.

How Common Are Ovarian Cysts?

Very common — particularly among women of reproductive age. In many cases, cysts are harmless, asymptomatic, and found incidentally during routine ultrasound scans. Ovarian cysts may affect both ovaries at the same time, or they may only affect one. Most ovarian cysts resolve on their own within a few months.

Small cysts, such as follicles, are common and play a crucial role in hormone production and ovulation.

However, some cysts can grow larger, cause pain, affect menstrual cycles, or impact fertility, making diagnosis and management important.

Symptoms of Ovarian or Tubal Cysts

Most cysts cause no symptoms. However, when symptoms do occur, they can include:

• Pelvic pain or pressure, often on one side

• Bloating or abdominal swelling

• Changes in menstrual patterns

• Pain during intercourse

• Painful bowel movements

• Frequent or difficult urination

• Sudden, sharp pelvic pain (if a cyst ruptures or twists)

Pain can also be related to the fallopian tube, especially during ovulation or cyst formation.

In rare cases, a large cyst can cause ovarian torsion — a medical emergency requiring urgent treatment.

While most cysts are benign, it is important to monitor for symptoms that may indicate a cancerous cyst, especially in postmenopausal women.

What Causes Ovarian Cysts?

Functional cysts develop naturally as part of the menstrual cycle:

• Follicular cysts form when a follicle fails to break open and release an egg.

• Corpus luteum cysts form after the egg is released but the follicle doesn’t dissolve as expected.

Other causes include:

• Endometriosis

• Hormonal imbalances

• Pelvic infections

• Genetic predisposition

How Are Ovarian and Tubal Cysts Diagnosed?

At Happiher, diagnosis begins with a careful clinical assessment and imaging.

Imaging tests, such as ultrasounds, are essential for diagnosing ovarian cysts. If a GP thinks you may have an ovarian cyst, you'll probably be referred for an ultrasound scan.

We may recommend:

• Pelvic ultrasound (transabdominal and/or transvaginal) to assess the size, type, and characteristics of the cyst. This imaging test uses high frequency sound waves to create detailed images of the ovaries.

• Doppler studies to check blood flow if torsion is suspected

• MRI scan for complex or unclear cysts

• Blood tests (e.g., CA-125 tumour marker) if there’s concern about malignancy in postmenopausal women. If there's any concern that your cyst could be cancerous, the doctor will arrange blood tests to look for high levels of chemicals that can indicate ovarian cancer.

Early, accurate diagnosis is crucial for planning appropriate monitoring or treatment.

Are Ovarian Cysts Dangerous?

Most cysts are benign (non-cancerous) and harmless. However, larger cysts or cysts with unusual features may require closer follow-up or removal.

Concerns include:

• Ovarian torsion (twisting of the ovary, cutting off blood supply)

• Cyst rupture (causing sudden pain and internal bleeding)

• Pressure on surrounding organs

• Rare malignancy (more likely after menopause)

If left untreated, some cysts can develop into cancerous cysts, especially in postmenopausal women.

At Happiher, we assess each case individually — reassuring when safe and intervening when necessary. Comprehensive women's health services are crucial in managing ovarian cysts and ensuring integrated support for patients.

Complications of Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts can cause complications, such as ovarian torsion, which occurs when the ovary twists and cuts off its blood supply. This can lead to severe pelvic pain, nausea, and vomiting. Ruptured ovarian cysts can also cause intense pain, internal bleeding, and infection. In some cases, ovarian cysts can be cancerous, and it is essential to monitor them regularly to detect any changes. Regular pelvic exams and ultrasound scans can help identify potential complications early on.

Reducing the Risk of Complications

While most ovarian cysts are benign and do not require treatment, there are steps to reduce the risk of complications. Regular pelvic exams can help detect ovarian cysts early, and ultrasound scans can determine the size and type of cyst. In some cases, blood tests may be ordered to check for signs of ovarian cancer. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are at a higher risk for developing ovarian cysts and may need more frequent monitoring. Additionally, women experiencing severe pelvic pain, sharp pain, or a dull ache should seek medical attention immediately. Early treatment can help reduce the risk of complications, such as ovarian torsion, and improve overall women’s health.

Treatment Options for Ovarian and Tubal Cysts

Treatment depends on several factors, including size, appearance, symptoms, and menopausal status.

In some cases, surgery to remove the cyst may be necessary if it is large or causing symptoms.

Watchful Waiting

• For small, simple cysts without symptoms

• Repeat ultrasound after 6–12 weeks to monitor changes

• A follow-up ultrasound scan may be recommended in a few weeks to monitor the cyst. In certain cases, no further monitoring will be needed, especially if you previously had a follicular cyst or corpus luteum cyst.

Medical Management

Hormonal contraception (e.g., the pill) may help prevent new functional cysts. Additionally, hormonal contraception may also help manage a condition called polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which involves the formation of multiple cysts. Oral contraceptives can also help reduce your risk of ovarian cancer.

Surgical Treatment

When needed, surgery is usually minimally invasive:

• Laparoscopic cystectomy (keyhole removal of the cyst)

• Robotic-assisted cystectomy (for greater precision and faster recovery)

• Preservation of healthy ovarian tissue wherever possible. If you need an operation to remove your cysts, your surgeon will aim to preserve your fertility whenever possible.

In rare cases, removal of the affected ovary may be advised if the cyst is complex or suspicious. Surgery may also be necessary to remove cancerous cysts to prevent potential complications. In some cases, surgery to remove both your ovaries may be necessary, in which case you'll no longer produce any eggs.

At Happiher, Dr Kaur specialises in minimally invasive and robotic-assisted gynaecological surgery, ensuring excellent outcomes with quicker, more comfortable recovery.

Ovarian Cyst Removal

In some cases, ovarian cyst removal may be necessary. This can be done through surgery, which can be performed laparoscopically or through open surgery. Laparoscopic surgery involves making tiny incisions in the abdomen and using a camera to guide the surgeon, while open surgery involves making a larger incision in the abdomen. The type of surgery used will depend on the size and type of cyst, as well as the overall health of the patient. Ovarian cyst removal may be necessary to prevent complications, such as ovarian torsion, or to treat symptoms such as pelvic pain and discomfort. After surgery, patients will need to follow a treatment plan, which may include rest, pain management, and follow-up care.

Ovarian Cysts in Pregnancy

Ovarian cysts can occur during pregnancy, and in most cases, they do not cause any problems. However, large cysts can increase the risk of ovarian torsion, which can be life-threatening for both the mother and the baby. Women with ovarian cysts should be closely monitored during pregnancy to ensure that the cysts do not cause any complications. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the cysts and prevent any potential risks.

Preventing Ovarian Cysts

While it is not possible to prevent most ovarian cysts, regular pelvic exams can help detect them early on. Women should also be aware of the symptoms of ovarian cysts, such as pelvic pain, bloating, and irregular menstrual cycles. Maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet, and exercising regularly can also help reduce the risk of developing ovarian cysts. In some cases, birth control pills may be prescribed to stop ovulation and prevent the formation of new cysts. By taking these preventive measures, women can reduce their risk of developing ovarian cysts and ensure timely medical attention if any complications arise.

Living with Ovarian or Tubal Cysts

Even when they’re not causing symptoms, cysts can create emotional stress — the “wait and see” approach can feel unsettling. That’s why at Happiher, we prioritise clear explanations, rapid access to scans, and open communication. Monitoring is also important to rule out any underlying condition that may be causing the cysts.

Whether your cyst needs monitoring, medical treatment, or surgery, we are here to support you every step of the way.

Why Choose Happiher for Ovarian Cyst Management?

If you’re looking for a specialist for ovarian cysts in London, Happiher offers:

• Private consultations with no long waits

• Advanced ultrasound and diagnostic imaging

• Personalised monitoring and management plans

• Expert minimally invasive surgical options

• A warm, supportive environment focused on you

• Dedication to women's health, providing comprehensive care for various gynecological conditions

Our clinics are conveniently located at Chelsea & Westminster, The Lister, and The Wellington Hospital.

Final Thoughts

Ovarian cysts are common — but that doesn’t mean you should ignore symptoms or accept uncertainty. Whether you need reassurance, monitoring, or treatment, expert care makes all the difference.

At Happiher, we’re here to help you navigate your health with confidence, compassion, and clarity.